The primary purpose was to identify the relationship between muscle cross sectional area mCSAecho intensity EIand body composition of Division I cross-country runners.

The secondary purpose was to examine differences in these variables in athletes stratified based on stress fracture SFx history. Thirty-six athletes were stratified based on sex and previous SFx history.

Body composition measures were determined using dual-energy xray absorptiometry DEXA. Female and male athletes with previous history of SFx were not significantly different across any variables when compared to athletes with no previous history.

Modifications in training strategies to include heavy resistance training and plyometrics may be advantageous for preventing risk factors associated with stress fracture reoccurrence.

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In high volume sports, such as long distance running, overuse injuries can keep an athlete out of play for long periods of time or be season ending 16 Incidences of lower-extremity injuries in distance runners and track athletes have been reported to range from 3.

Stress fractures SFx in this population are serious overuse injuries that typically occur in the foot and lower leg. Early detection of risk factors by coaches, athletic trainers, and practitioners may enable quicker treatment, return to play, and prevention of more serious musculoskeletal injuries through strength training in athletes Previously identified risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries have included: previous injuries, disproportionate increases in training volume, nutritional deficiencies, and hormonal irregularities.

Several of these risk factors may be difficult to identify for professionals working with athletes 3 Expanding on the physiological norms for high-volume athletes may help identify more common-sport specific considerations for musculoskeletal injury.

Measuring muscle characteristics with an ultrasound US may assist in identifying athletes at risk for injury and for tracking changes during rehabilitation.

These measurements are also low cost, have no health risks, and are easy to apply in clinical assessments In comparison to other muscle characteristic measurements, US devices are portable, and are commonly found in clinical and training facilities.

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To evaluate muscle quality, muscle cross-sectional area mCSA and echo intensity EI can be measured by ultrasound imaging where mCSA is a direct measure of muscle thickness Echo intensity is measured using a brightness scale of an ultrasound image and may indicate muscle quality through a gray scale analysis estimating intramuscular fat and connective tissue 9.

An increase in intramuscular fat and connective tissue, and a decrease in muscle fiber size and number may increase risk of injury and decrease functionality 6.

I also really like to push progression on these. Dresses for Women, Mini Club Dresses different sizes, designs Modifications in training strategies to include resistance training or plyometric training during the off season and in season, as well as ensuring appropriate nutritional and recovery strategies, may be advantageous for influencing risk factors associated with overuse injury occurrence.

Determining muscle size and quality may help professionals working with athletes identify an appropriate resistance training program to help improve athletic performance and injury prevention by improving muscle size and quality.

Ultrasound measurements of mCSA and EI have been demonstrated as reliable and effective methods for analyzing muscle characteristics 7 Previous research has also shown that mCSA and EI are correlated to muscle strength and power, and are a measure of muscle quality 16 To date, no research has examined these muscle characteristics in cross-country athletes.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DEXA is a commonly used three-compartment model to evaluate body composition and is highly correlated to a more sophisticated six-compartment criterion Using DEXA to obtain an accurate measure of body composition may be beneficial for identifying athletes at higher risks for injury and for tracking changes of lean mass during rehabilitation.

Previous studies have used DEXA to evaluate the relationship between body composition and SFx in runners 4but have not identified strong predictors due to varied body composition results.

Kelsey et al. In contrast, no significant differences in bone mass or body composition were linked to increased incidence of stress fractures in males 4.

Body composition measurements and quantifying muscle characteristics may be useful tools for professionals working with athletes. To date there is little research examining the relationship of muscle characteristics and body composition in cross-country runners, and no studies to our knowledge that further evaluate those with or without a history of stress fractures.

Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between mCSA, EI, and body composition in male and female Division I cross-country runners.

The secondary purpose was to examine differences in these variables in athletes stratified based on previous SFx history. Each subject participated in one testing session lasting thirty minutes prior to training camp beginning early August.

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At the time of testing, all athletes were not training with the team for the two months prior in the summer off-season. Subjects reported to the laboratory two hours fasted and did not participate in exercise for a minimum of two hours prior to testing.

Upon arrival, height was measured using a stadiometer Perspective Enterprises, Portage, Michigan, USAweight was measured using a digital scale Health-o-meter, McCook, Illinois, USAand a questionnaire was given about exercise, diet status, and injuries to ensure the following of pre-assessment guidelines.

Muscle characteristics were measured using a GE logiq-e B-mode ultrasound from a panoramic scan of the VL to determine muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity.

Prior to testing, all subjects signed an informed consent approved by the University’s Biomedical Institutional Review Board for the protection of human subjects.

Stress fracture sites included the foot, tibia, femur, and sacrum. Descriptive statistics on subject groups are presented in Table 1.

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Personal best race times were recorded for the season following testing. For the men, 5 kilometer 5K times averaged The ultrasound settings Frequency: 26 Hz, Gain: 68, Depth: 4.

Prior to the scan, the subjects laid supine for 5 minutes.

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During the measurement, the right leg was extended and relaxed on the examination table with a foam pad strapped to the midpoint of the thigh to standardize measurements.

The ultrasound probe GE: 12L-RS was held perpendicular to the tissue and swept across the skin at equal pressure from the lateral VL border to the medial fascia separation.

The same technician performed each scan. Prior to measurement of EI, each image was calibrated by measuring the number pixels within a known distance of 1 cm.

An example of using Image J software to outline the vastus lateralis to determine muscle cross sectional area and echo intensity.

Prior to testing, subjects were asked to remove all metal, thick clothing, and heavy plastic to reduce interference with the scan. Age, height, weight and ethnicity were entered into the computer and subjects were placed supine in the center of the scanning table.

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Body composition and muscle characteristics relationships in male cross-country athletes. R values are presented. Racing times for females were not significantly correlated with any variables.

Body composition and muscle characteristics relationships in female cross-country athletes. Male athletes with previous history of SFx were not significantly different compared to athletes with no previous history in any variables Table 3.

Female athletes with previous history of SFx were not significantly different compared to athletes with no previous history in any variables Table 4.

We can’t sign off without talking about these! Lilac lace insert high leg cupped body mass To help increase BMD, BMC, lean mass, and lower fat mass, a plyometrics and resistance training program should be included. Performance times for women had no significant correlations with muscle characteristics and body composition; however there were significances when stratified by SFx history.

High volume repetitive-impact athletes have reported high rates of damage to the anatomical structures, resulting in musculoskeletal and bone injuries 12 In the current study of Division I cross-country athletes, there was a strong relationship between lean mass, muscle size, and bone integrity BMC, BMD.

Performance times for women had no significant correlations with muscle characteristics and body composition; however there were significances when stratified by SFx history.

Overall, the current study demonstrates a potential support for improving muscle size and quality for improving athletic performance and injury prevention As a result, measuring muscle characteristics, in addition to body composition, may be an important tool to utilize for identifying injury risk in high-volume athletes.

Use of ultrasound to evaluate muscle characteristics has recently emerged as a valid and useful tool for characterizing athletes Previous data suggests that muscle characteristics, measured by the ultrasound, may be valuable in determining physiological differences amongst strength and size of muscle A higher EI and smaller muscle size has previously been associated with greater intramuscular fat and connective tissue Data supports a benefit from increasing muscle mass, specifically in the lower body, due to the ability to absorb forces transmitted to bone during running In a study examining male endurance runners and sprinters, muscle strength was significantly correlated with lean body mass and mCSA Left leg LM may have had a stronger association due to consistent track work with the inside leg left leg taking more stress on corner turns of the track.

Quantifying body composition of athletes has been shown to be a beneficial determinant for health and performance Previous research in female distance runners also demonstrated a high correlation between BMC and lean body mass To help increase BMD, BMC, lean mass, and lower fat mass, a plyometrics and resistance training program should be included.

High impact exercise has been shown to increase bone formation, whereas running on a treadmill was unable to augment bone growth Agreeably, Kelsey et al.

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Body composition has been shown to be a potential predictor for injury risk in other types of athletes 20with a few investigations in runners 4.

Previous data suggest lower body weight may be a significant risk factor for injury in male track and field athletes While in females, lower total lean mass was significantly associated with risk of injury In the current study, lean mass in the legs had the strongest association with bone integrity.

The secondary purpose of the current study was to evaluate differences in measureable physiological variables between athletes with and without stress-fracture history.

Stress fractures are a common injury in high-volume athletes, specifically in distance runners A variety of factors have been established for identifying high risk individuals for stress fractures, such as low BMD, nutritional deficiencies, menstrual irregularity in females, and previous stress fractures However, several of these risk factors are not easily identifiable by a practitioner working with large numbers of collegiate athletes.

Agreeably, lower body weight was reported as a significant risk factor for stress fractures in male track and field athletes Bennell also demonstrated differences in bone mass or body composition were not linked to increased incidence of stress fractures 4.

In previous research, less lean mass in the lower limb was a significant factor for increased occurrence of stress fractures in females 4.

Conversely, both males and females with previous SFx reported no significant difference in LM values when compared to the no SFx history group.

According to Magness et al. In the current study, there were no significant differences in BMD for males or females. These results suggest site-specific measurements could be beneficial to runners, but whole body BMD may also have utility for identifying stress fracture risk and lean mass, within the same scan.

Additionally, BMD and BMC values are often found to be normal in comparison to age-matched device norms 81421 Including a year-round resistance training program in addition to a running program may be beneficial for increasing BMD.

Previous data suggests that an 8-week resistance training program combined with aerobic training resulted in increases BMD of the distal tibia Utilizing additional physiological variables like body composition and muscle size, may be helpful to characterize these athletes according to others sport-specific norms.

The results from this study expand on previous literature identifying relationships between muscle characteristics and body composition in runners.

These relationships demonstrate a potential support for improving muscle size and quality for improving athletic performance and injury prevention for the reason that increases in intramuscular fat and connective tissue, and decreases in muscle fiber size and number may increase risk of injury and decrease functionality 6.

As a result, measuring muscle characteristics with an ultrasound, in addition to body composition, may be an important tool for practitioners working with large numbers of collegiate athletes for identifying injury risk in high-volume athletes.

Results from this study indicate improving muscle size and quality may help prevent injury prevention and improve athletic performance. Muscle characteristics, measured by the ultrasound, may be valuable in determining physiological differences amongst strength and size of muscle Ultrasound measurements have no health hazards, are portable, and are applicable to athletic trainers, strength coaches, and practitioners working with athletes.

Most facilities already have the device in house, so these measurements are low cost, quick to perform and analyze, and may be helpful to identify athletes at risk for musculoskeletal injury.